dimensional insight

dimensional insight

       好久不见了，今天我想和大家探讨一下关于“dimensional insight”的话题。如果你对这个领域还不太了解，那么这篇文章就是为你准备的，让我们一看看吧。

1.dimensional insight

2.请求高手帮我翻译这篇工程英文成中文

3.地心游记英文简介

4.3D**是用特殊的方式拍摄的还是用软件制作的 ？如果是用特殊的方式拍摄那为何有2D转为3D的电视？

5.谁有关于space（太空）的英文资料，3月15日20点以前回答有效，速度啊！中文，胡说的别来1

6.汪波的发表论文

dimensional insight

       蜘蛛侠 Plotsummary: PeterParkerisahighschoolstudent.Byaccident,heisbittedbyagenetically-alteredspiderandafterthat,hefoundthathegainsthestrangepowerofspider.Therefore,heuseshispowertofightcrime.However,NormanOsbornwiththenewsourceofenergyhasbecomeanenemyofSpider-man,GreenGoblin.Spider-manneedstofightwithGreenGoblin,butheconfusesasNormanOsbornisthefatherofhisbestfriend.Ontheotherhand,PeterParkerstrugglestofallinlovewithMaryJane. Myopinions: IlikethisfilmbecauseitsfightscenesaregreatandtheanimationinSpider-manisimpressive,especiallythepartofSpider-manflyinginthesky,itlooksrealistic.ThemusicinSpider-manmademefeelexcited.However,thepartaboutthelovebetweenPeterParkerandMaryJaneisquiteboring.Besides,Ilikethestoryofthefilm,itisoutstandingandteachesme“Withgreatpowercomesgreatresponsibility.”Weheourownresponsibilitiesinourlifeandnow,myresponsibilityistoworkhard. 剧情简介： 彼得帕克是一个高中生。偶然的，他是bitted由一个转基因蜘蛛和在此之后，他发现，他赢得了奇怪的力量蜘蛛。因此，他却利用他的权力，打击犯罪。然而，诺曼奥斯本的新能源已成为一个敌人，蜘蛛侠，绿哥布林。蜘蛛侠需要绿布林斗争，但他混淆作为诺曼奥斯本的父亲是他最好的朋友。另一方面，彼得帕克斗争爱上玛丽简。 我的意见： 我喜欢这部**，因为它的打斗场面是巨大的和动画蜘蛛侠令人印象深刻，特别是部分蜘蛛侠飞行在天空中，它看起来现实。中的音乐蜘蛛人让我感到兴奋。然而，部分之间的爱情彼得帕克和玛丽简是很无聊。此外，我喜欢这个故事的**，这是杰出的，并教我“在大国意味着巨大的责任。”我们有我们自己的责任在我们的生活和现在，我的责任是努力工作。 《功夫熊猫》(《KungFuPanda》)的: Thismovieisveryfunny！ Isawthismovielastweek,anditwassoterrfic.ThisfilmmakesmelovingKungFu! Myliitlesisterlovesthepanderymuch,SheasksmewhichkindannimalofPanda？ Itoldherit'soneofthecutiestanimalintheworld,anditonlylivesinChina. Inthismovie,PandalearnshowtoimprovehislevelofKungfu，manyscenceshowthatthiscartoonissofunny, Youcanseehowthingsgoesonwithlaugh, Irecommendthisfilmtoyou.! ThefilmstartsapandanamedPo(voiceofJackBlack),whoissofathecanbarelygetoutofbed.Heworksforhisfather,Mr.Ping(JamesHong)inanoodleshop,whichfeaturesPing'slegendarySecretIngredient.HowPing,arentlyastorkorotherbilledmemberoftheianfamily,fatheredapandaisamystery,notleasttoPo,butthenthemovieisfilledwithawidevarietyofcreatureswhodon'tmuchseemtonoticetheirdifferences. TheyliveinthebeautifulValleyofPeacewithanancienttempletoweringoverhead,upzillionsofsteps,whichthepudgyPocanbarelyclimb.Butclimhemhedoes,dragginganoodlewagon,becauseallthepeopleofthevalleyhegathereduptheretowitnessthechoosingoftheDragonWarrior,whowillengagethedreadedTaiLung(IanMcShane)inkung-fucombat.Fivecontendershebeenselected,the"FuriousFive":Monkey(JackieChan),Tigress(AngelinaJolie),Mantis(SethRogen),Viper(LucyLiu)andCrane(DidCross).Tigresslookslikeshemightbeabletodosomeseriousdamage,buttheothersarelessthanimpressive.Mantisinparticularseemstoweighaboutanounce,tops.Allfivehebeentrained(fornearlyforever,Igather)bythewiseShifu,whowithDustinHoffman'svoiceisoneofthemoredimensionalcharactersinastorythatdoesn'tgivetheothersalotofdepth.Anyway,it'suptothetemplemasterOogway(RandallDukKim),anancientturtle,tomakethefinalselection,andhechooses--yes,hechoosesthehaplessandpudgyPo. Thestorythenbecomesessentiallyaseriesofactionsequences,somewhatunderminedbythefactthatthecombatantsseemunabletobehurt,eveniftheyfallfromdizzyingheightsandcrackstonesopenwiththeirheads.There'sanextendedcombatwithTaiLungonadisintegratingsuspensionbridge(hen'tweseenthatbefore?),hand-to-hand-to-tailcombatwithPoandTaiLung,andupstagingeverything,anenergeticcompetitionoverasingledumpling. "KungFuPanda"isnotoneofthegreatrecentanimatedfilms.Thestoryiswaytoopredictable,andtruthtotell,Pohimselfdidn'toverwhelmmewithhischarisma.Butit'selegantlydrawn,theactionsequencesarepackedwithenergy,andit'sshortenoughthatolderviewerswillbeforgiving.Forthekids,ofcourse,allthisstuffismuchofamuchness,andheretheygoagain. 英文**:阿甘正传观后感（中英文对照） 阿甘有自己的坚持，他不断地跑步，JUSTRUNS.他跑步不为任何理由。他说:"人要往前看，千万不要被过去拖累。我想我跑步就是这个意义”和过去告别，不停留在原处。也许这世界上太多人随拨逐流，很少人会坚持做一件事，阿甘坚持自己的坚持，于是他成了“神”。影片中还有一位主要人物是上校丹。他在越南战争中失去了双腿。他说他的命运就是战死。然而阿甘却救他，让他活了下来。失去双腿后他开始憎恨生活，生活得很颓废，责怪阿甘当初救了他。然而当他调整心态，去和阿甘一起生活，有了收获后，开始感觉到生活的美好。感谢阿甘当初就了他。影片试图通过这个角色告诉观者生活总是美好的。乌云后有彩虹，绝境后有重生。关键是看我们给不给自己一个好心态，一个机会去改变不好的现状。影片试图向观者传达这样一个信息：或许做好我们该做的每一件事，生活就会给我们一个好的回馈。只要有一种坚持就会出现一个奇迹。 Mr.anhashisownperseverance,keepingonrunningwithoutofanyreason,JUSTRUNS.Hesaid:“Manhastlookforward,andneverencumberedbyforetime.Ithankthat'sthemeaningofmyrunning.”Saygoodbyetoforetimeanddon'tstayin-place.Althoughsomanypeopleintheworldareusedtofollowothersandfewpeoplecansticktoonething,Mr.andoesandbecomes“GOD”.ThereisanothercharacterCaptainDan.DanlosthislegsinVietnarmWar.Hesaidthathisfateisdeathinwar.However,Mr.ansedhimandlethimbealive.Afterlosinglegs,Danwasdecadentanddisgustedwithlife,complainingthatA Ganshouldn'tsehim.Whenheadjustedhismind,livingonfishingwithan,hestartedtoenjoythewonderfullifeandthankan'shelp.Themovieisintendedtotellpeoplethatlifeiswonderfulbythischaracter.Rainbowisalwaysaftercloud.Thekeypointisthatwhetherweheagoodmindandanopportunitytoourselvestochangebadsituation.Themovieisalsosentsuchamessagetous:dowellwhatweshoulddo,andlifewillreturnuswell.Therewillbeamiracleifonlythereisperseverance. **《飘》观后感中英文对照版 04级房地产营销班张清 看完**《gongwiththewind》，我很为瑞德这个人物形象所感动。瑞德倜傥潇洒，魅力无穷，而且幽默风趣，坚强勇敢，他富有，又尊重女性，对爱情矢志不渝。他又是一位独具慧眼，又敏锐洞察力和自制力的人，而且有自己的行事准则。他就象无边的大海，就象茂密的森林，可以让女性依偎。斯佳丽结识瑞德后结过两次婚，瑞德对她的初衷却一直没有丝毫改变，这样的恋爱态度令受我感到吃惊。米切尔给了瑞德博大的胸怀，他宽容别人的错误，始终尊重别人的权利。在他心里，男女是完全平等的。我不知道还有什么样的男性比这个形象更加完美了。 Seetheovermovie《gongwiththewind》,Iamverytomoveforruidethispersonimage.Theruideishandsomeandnaturalandunrestrained,themagicpowerisendless,humorandwit,thestrengthisbre,heisrich,respectingagainfemale,tolovefaithful.Heagainisapersonwhocanseewhatotherscann't,againsharpinsightwiththepersonoftheself-controldint,andhetodothestandardownly.Heislimitlessoceaninelephant,thickforestinelephant,andcanmakefemaledependenton.Thesijialibecomesfriendswiththeruideempressknotoverthetwomarriage,however,ruidehasbeenhingnotochangestheslightesttohertheoriginalintention,likingthisinlovewithattitudethereamisfeltbymegetafright.Thewritergethegreatbreadthofviewinruide,hetolerateotherpeople'smistake,respectingotherpeople'srightalways.Inhisinthemind,menandwomenarecompleteequal.Idonotknowthatstillhadthemoreperfectthanthisimagewhatkindofmale. 动画喜剧海底总动员 Somewhere,underthesea,weak-finnedclownfishNemo(AlexanderGould)liveswithhisfretfulfather,Marlin(AlbertBrooks).Smotheredbypop'sparanoia,heventuresawayfromthereef,buthisdad'sdreadisjustifiedwhenapassingdiverwhiskshimaway. TakentoatankinaSydneydentists,NemomeetsGill(WillemDafoe)andco-friendlyfishwhodreamofescapingtotheocean.Meanwhile,MarlinbumpsintoabluetangnamedDory(EllenDeGeneres),andsetsouttosehisson... ThesplendourofnaturalhistoryhitTheBluePlanetismatchedbythewitofthescriptandstars.BarryHumphrieshasaterrificcameoasagreatwhitesharkwho'sswornoffkilling(Remember,fisharefriends,notfood!),whileDeGeneresprovidesperfecttimingandtoneasDory,whoseshort-termmemorylossisagagthatneverstopsrunning 喜剧动物片101真狗 mypersonalforite"101D"mediumisDisney's"101Dalmatians:theSeries".Itcombinesmanythemesoftheexistingmaterial(DodieSmithbook,1961and1996movies).Butstilldoesitsownthings,too. OurmainpupsincludebreLucky,whogetsastrongpersonalitymirroringhischaracterinthebook,lovableRolly,thegourmandofthepups,andsweetlittleCadpig,whoisthetrueruntofthelitter.AlsothereisSpotthechicken,wholongstobeadog.Ifindthemallextremelyamiableandenjoyabletowatch.TheyareusuallyfoilingCruella'sschemesfortheirland,oroutwittingLt.Pug(I'llgettohimlater),orsneakingintoGrutely,or...justhingfun,makingerylikableshow.

请求高手帮我翻译这篇工程英文成中文

        材料在合成或加工过程中会有意或无意地引入一些结构缺陷，此外由于熵对系统自由能的贡献，缺陷也可在有限温度下自发地出现。不同缺陷可能对材料性能产生有利或有害的影响。如，外来杂质可以增加载流子浓度，但同时引入的额外散射过程又会降低其迁移率。缺陷设计还可开发出新技术，如可用点缺陷作为量子信息领域中的单光子发射器或量子位主机。随着新材料的发现，缺陷对于工程师和科学家而言，仍然是活跃而重要的研究领域。而现在，这似乎与诸如石墨烯和过渡金属二硫化物（TMD）等二维（2D）材料特别相关。由于2D材料比表面积大，因而多数原子暴露在表面并与周围环境接触。2D材料因与反应物存在相互作用，不仅缺陷浓度远大于块体系统，且缺陷调控也更加容易。缺陷类型的确定可以通过拉曼光谱实现，然而缺陷类型或浓度与拉曼特征变化之间的定量关系难以建立，是一个普遍存在的难题。

        来自芬兰阿尔托大学应用物理系的Hannu-Pekka Komsa领导的团队，构建了基于经验势和第一性原理计算的组合方法，可用于模拟缺陷材料的拉曼光谱，其中经验势用于评估缺陷系统的振动模式，然后与第一性原理计算得到的拉曼张量进行结合。他们研究了在何种程度上可以区分空穴类型，并提供随缺陷浓度变化时拉曼光谱演化的起源分析。这种方法不仅能可靠地模拟拉曼光谱，还可深入了解缺陷系统中振动模式的物理内涵，以及如何用拉曼光谱对它们进行探测。作者利用该方法研究了单层MoS2中的空位缺陷，捕获了缺陷对突出峰位移和不对称展宽的影响，其结果与实验数据定性一致。此外，他们使用声子局域模型来拟合其模拟的拉曼光谱，以评估该模型在缺陷材料中的适用性。结果发现，当同时考虑完整的声子色散关系和局域类型时，该模型非常有效。通过本研究发现，只要有适当的经验势，就可以有效地评估缺陷系统的拉曼光谱。

        该文近期发表于 npj Computational Materials 6 : 59 (2020)，英文标题与摘要如下，点击s://.nature/articles/s41524-020-0320-y可以自由获取论文PDF。

        Simulating Raman spectra by combining first-principles and empirical potential roaches with lication to defective MoS2

        Zhennan Kou, Arsalan Hashemi, Martti J. Puska, Arkady V. Krasheninnikov & Hannu-Pekka Komsa

        Successful lication of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides in optoelectronic, catalytic, or sensing devices heily relies on the materials’ quality, that is, the thickness uniformity, presence of grain boundaries, and the types and concentrations of point defects. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and nondestructive tool to probe these factors but the interpretation of the spectra, especially the separation of different contributions, is not straightforward. Comparison to simulated spectra is beneficial, but for defective systems first-principles simulations are often computationally too expensive due to the large sizes of the systems involved. Here, we present a combined first-principles and empirical potential method for simulating Raman spectra of defective materials and ly it to monolayer MoS2 with random distributions of Mo and S vacancies. We study to what extent the types of vacancies can be distinguished and provide insight into the origin of different evolutions of Raman spectra upon increasing defect concentration. We ly our simulated spectra to the phonon confinement model used in previous experiments to assess defect concentrations, and show that the simplest form of the model is insufficient to fully capture peak shapes, but a good match is oained when the type of phonon confinement and the full phonon dispersion relation are accounted for.

地心游记英文简介

       模拟气体注射成型过程中使用

       中期飞机模型的载道的一部分

       摘要

       电脑工程（ CAE技术）模拟和实验研究已经开展了关于腔填充和气体包装的步骤

       对气体注射成型的载道的一部分。中期飞机模型的三维几何形状型腔已

       有人建议进行分析的有限元方法。铅球大小，分布的气泡和剩余壁厚为

       计算使用的是商业模拟软件（ Moldflow的塑料Insight的4.1版本） 。所预测的结果进行了对比仿真

       与实验结果表明了良好的预测能力，提出的模型。

       1 。导言

       如今气体注射成型（气辅注塑）是不是一个

       创新科技为制造业掏空塑料部件

       与第一专利的历史可以追溯到18年[ 1 ] 。然而，建立

       作为一个共同的成型过程尚未实现

       在聚合物行业。这是由于在一些陷阱

       实际应用过程中的气辅注塑的内在原因

       天然气的不稳定，这意味着一个复杂的关系

       参数控制的气体流量和质量

       件。高时效的理解是

       特征的过程，特别是对典型

       流动的现象。

       有四种不同的流程来生产气辅注塑部分：

       短杆的过程中，充分拍摄过程中，回归进程和螺钉

       模具伸缩核心[ 2 ] 。在thiswork ，我们研究了

       第一个进程也被称为标准的气辅注塑。该shortshot

       过程可以说是通过一个简单的三个步骤：

       1 。短杆最初熔融聚合物填充70-90 ％的

       模具型腔的内存速度控制注射

       成型机（图1A ）款。

       2 。经过短暂的延迟期，压缩氮气内核

       聚合物的熔融。穿透气留下

       聚合物层在模具墙壁，实现成型部分

       以聚合物皮肤和内部气道（图1b ）向。燃气

       渗透其中发生在这一步是计价

       主要气体渗透。这一步完成时，模具

       腔已完全填补（图1C ）款。

       3 。气体不断注入转交包装压力

       以聚合物。在这一阶段的聚合物收缩

       的增长所抵消的天然气核心。气体包装

       压力仍然直到所有高分子材料已经凝固。

3D**是用特殊的方式拍摄的还是用软件制作的 ？如果是用特殊的方式拍摄那为何有2D转为3D的电视？

       简介：This film tells that Professor Lee Teng Brock accidentally got a piece of parchment in an ancient book and found that his predecessors had treled to the center of the earth. Professor Lee Teng Brock is determined to make the same trip.?

       He and his nephew set out from Hamburg to Iceland to ask a guide. According to the guidance of their predecessors, they fell from a crater in Iceland. After three months of trel, they experienced difficulties and wonders, and finally returned to the ground.

       本片讲述李登布罗克教授在一本古老的书籍里偶然得到了一张羊皮纸，发现前人曾到地心旅行，李登布罗克教授决心也作同样的旅行。他和侄子从汉堡出发，到冰岛请一位向导，他们按照前人的指引，由冰岛的一个火山口下降，经过三个月的旅行，历尽艰险和种种奇观，最后回到了地面。

英语翻译技巧：

       第一、省略翻译法

       这与最开始提到的增译法相反，就是要求你把不符合汉语，或者英语的表达的方式、思维的习惯或者语言的习惯的部分删去，以免使所翻译出的句子沉杂累赘。

       第二、合并法

       合并翻译法就是把多个短句子或者简单句合并到一起，形成一个复合句或者说复杂句，多出现在汉译英的题目里出现，比如最后会翻译成定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等等。

谁有关于space（太空）的英文资料，3月15日20点以前回答有效，速度啊！中文，胡说的别来1

       你应该说的是伪3D吧

       3D游戏中的伪3D

        伪3D因为它使用了一些3D游戏的效果和概念，但又没有做到完全的3D，因此称之为伪3D;　首先是2D和3D的概念要确认，通常来说，2D游戏和3D游戏的概念是相对清楚的，为了更明确一些，稍微用两句话说说。　2D指的是通过平面来表现所有的游戏画面效果，游戏中所有的内容，都通过平面的方式来体现，不论魂斗罗这种可以上下卷动的游戏还是仙剑斜视角的游戏，由于表现方式都是平面的，因此都属于2D游戏。　3D指的是通过技术的手段在电脑虚拟空间内实现了三维的坐标轴，而你所控制的角色也可以在三个坐标轴上发生效果位置变化的游戏，例如单机时代的DOOM、QUICK，网游时代的EQII、WOW等。　相信这样的观点，大多数人都是认可的，因为2D游戏和3D游戏比较容易区分，最简单区分3D游戏的方式就是看能否实现游戏中转换360度视角，如果可以，那显然是纯3D的（PS：和卡通渲染类别搞混淆。）

       3D**分立体**和三维图形**两者有明显区别

       立体**

       D是英文Dimension(线度、维)的字头，3D是指三维空间。国际上是以3D**来表示立体**。　人的视觉之所以能分辨远近，是靠两只眼睛的差距。人的两眼分开约5公分，两只眼睛除了瞄准正前方以外，看任何一样东西，两眼的角度都不会相同。虽然差距很小，但经视网膜传到大脑里，脑子就用这微小的差距，产生远近的深度，从而产生立体感。一只眼睛虽然能看到物体，但对物体远近的距离却不易分辨。根据这一原理，如果把同一景像，用两只眼睛视角的差距制造出两个影像，然后让两只眼睛一边一个，各看到自己一边的影像，透过视网膜就可以使大脑产生景深的立体感了。各式各样的立体演示技术，也多是运用这一原理，我们称其为“偏光原理”。　

       3D立体**的制作有多种形式

       1其中较为广泛用的是偏光眼镜法。它以人眼观察景物的方法，利用两台并列安置的**摄影机，分别代表人的左、右眼，同步拍摄出两条略带水平视差的**画面。放映时，将两条**影片分别装入左、右**放映机，并在放映镜头前分别装置两个偏振轴互成90度的偏振镜。两台放映机需同步运转，同时将画面投放在金属银幕上，形成左像右像双影。当观众戴上特制的偏光眼镜时，由于左、右两片偏光镜的偏振轴互相垂直，并与放映镜头前的偏振轴相一致；致使观众的左眼只能看到左像、右眼只能看到右像，通过双眼汇聚功能将左、右像叠和在视网膜上，由大脑神经产生三维立体的视觉效果。展现出一幅幅连贯的立体画面，使观众感到景物扑面而来、或进入银幕深凹处，能产生强烈的“身临其境”感。　

       目前在**院里主要是播放用两种不同原理的3D影片：　

       1一种以imax大屏幕立体**为代表的，这种技术是效果最好的，即所谓的偏振光技术，在播放时，用两部带偏振镜的放映机同步放映两路视差影像，即左右眼分别应该看到的影像。因此如不带电3d偏振光眼镜的话，在屏幕上看到的就是重影影像，而观众配带的3d眼镜就是两个偏振光镜片，通过它们，就能让我们的左右眼分别看到屏幕上放映的左右眼视差图像，产生立体效果。imax的屏幕有高达七米高的，图象非常清晰，3d效果强烈，音响也很棒，是目前立体中最好的。　

       2另外一种称为红蓝补色立体**，中国以前放的都是这种**，观看影片时，会给观众发一个几块钱就能买到的左红右蓝的滤色眼镜，带上后左眼就能看到屏幕上的红影图象，右眼看到蓝影图像，从而产生立体影像，这种立体**比imax要差很多，立体感要差一些，但它的成本较低，也可以在普通的**银幕上放映，可以让更多的人体会到立体**带来的视觉魔术，同时由于这种**对屏幕没有限制，所以我们只要买一副几块钱的红蓝立体眼镜，就能在电脑上观看立体**。　

       3还有一种常用的技术是立体眼镜的原理，这种立体眼镜用时分方式，交替关闭左右液晶镜片，而与之想配套的播放软件分别在屏幕上同步交替播放左右眼视差影像，因此我们的左右眼就能分别看到左右的视差影像。只要这个交替的速度足够快，就能让我们看到立体影像，并且不会有闪烁感。因此对电脑显示器的要求较高，需要CRT显示器，并且刷新频率至少达到100mhz以上，不过由于其便于与电脑一起配合使用。

       三维图像**

       3D是three-dimensional的缩写，就是三维图形。在计算机里显示3d图形，就是说在平面里显示三维图形。不像现实世界里，真实的三维空间，有真实的距离空间。计算机里只是看起来很像真实世界，因此在计算机显示的3d图形，就是让人眼看上就像真的一样。人眼有一个特性就是近大远小，就会形成立体感。计算机屏幕是平面二维的，我们之所以能欣赏到真如实物般的三维图像，是因为显示在计算机屏幕上时色彩灰度的不同而使人眼产生视觉上的错觉，而将二维的计算机屏幕感知为三维图像。基于色彩学的有关知识，三维物体边缘的凸出部分一般显高亮度色，而凹下去的部分由于受光线的遮挡而显暗色。这一认识被广泛应用于网页或其他应用中对按钮、3d线条的绘制。比如要绘制的3d文字，即在原始位置显示高亮度颜色，而在左下或右上等位置用低亮度颜色勾勒出其轮廓，这样在视觉上便会产生3d文字的效果。具体实现时，可用完全一样的字体在不同的位置分别绘制两个不同颜色的2d文字，只要使两个文字的坐标合适，就完全可以在视觉上产生出不同效果的3d文字。

       这些肯定都是通过3D软件来完成的，也有特定的软件，比如蜘蛛侠里的沙人3D软件是3D史上的了，里面的由于导演要求十分严格所以制作沙人的3D软件是定做的软件制作时间都用年算

       常用3D软件　Abqus　Acrobat 3D　Adams　Alias　Algor　Ansys

       Artlantis　ArchiCAD　AutoCAD　BIM　BLM　CAD/CAID　CAE　CAM　CAXA　CATIA　Cosmos　Cimatron　C4D　Creator 3D　Delmia　Delcam/Powermill　Ecotect　EdgeCAM　Eovia Carrara　FaceGen Modeller　Fluent　Hexagon　Hypermesh　Inventor　Insight　LightWe 3D　Maya　MasterCAM　Maxwell　MATLAB　Macrostation　MEP　MoldFlow　MSC　Nastran　OpenMind　PDM　PLM　Pkpm　Pro-Engineer　Patran　Pro-NC　Quest3D　Radiosity　Rhino3D/犀牛　Revit　Sap2000　Sketchup　SolidWorks　SolidEdge　Softimage3D　SurfCam　Topsolid　TD-Think3　UG/Unigraphics　Ulead　Vue 5 Infinite　virtools　UG　3DVIA　3Ds max　天正　浩辰　中望　奔特力

汪波的发表论文

       Space

       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

       Jump to: nigation, search

       For the space beyond Earth's atmosphere, see Outer space. For all other uses, see Space (disambiguation).

       Space is the boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and he relative position and direction.[1] Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of the boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. In mathematics spaces with different numbers of dimensions and with different underlying structures can be examined. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the universe although disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.

       Many of the philosophical questions arose in the 17th century, during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute - in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there were any matter in the space.[2] Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, Immanuel Kant described space and time as elements of a systematic framework which humans use to structure their experience.

       In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine non-Euclidean geometries, in which space can be said to be curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gritational fields deviates from Euclidean space.[3] Experimental tests of general relativity he confirmed that non-Euclidean space provides a better model for explaining the existing laws of mechanics and optics.

       Contents [hide]

       1 Philosophy of space

       1.1 Leibniz and Newton

       1.2 Kant

       1.3 Non-Euclidean geometry

       1.4 Gauss and Poincaré

       1.5 Einstein

       2 Mathematics

       3 Physics

       3.1 Classical mechanics

       3.2 Astronomy

       3.3 Relativity

       3.4 Cosmology

       4 Spatial measurement

       5 Geography

       6 In psychology

       7 See also

       8 References

       Philosophy of space

       In the early 11th century Islamic philosopher and physicist, Ibn al-Haytham (also known as Alhacen or Alhazen), discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021). His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the way the visual perception of space was understood, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."[4]

       Leibniz and Newton

       Gottfried LeibnizIn the seventh century, the philosophy of space and time emerged as a central issue in epistemology and metaphysics. At its heart, Gottfried Leibniz, the German philosopher-mathematician, and Isaac Newton, the English physicist-mathematician, set out two opposing theories of what space is. Rather than being an entity which independently exists over and above other matter, Leibniz held that space is no more than the collection of spatial relations between objects in the world: "space is that which results from places taken together".[5] Unoccupied regions are those which could he objects in them and thus spatial relations with other places. For Leibniz, then, space was an idealised abstraction from the relations between individual entities or their possible locations and therefore could not be continuous but must be discrete.[6] Space could be thought of in a similar way to the relations between family members. Although people in the family are related to one another, the relations do not exist independently of the people.[7] Leibniz argued that space could not exist independently of objects in the world because that would imply that there would be a difference between two universes exactly alike except for the location of the material world in each universe. But since there would be no observational way of telling these universes apart then, according to the identity of indiscernibles, there would be no real difference between them. According to the principle of sufficient reason, any theory of space which implied that there could be these two possible universes, must therefore be wrong.[8]

       Isaac NewtonNewton took space to be more than relations between material objects and based his position on observation and experimentation. For a relationist there can be no real difference between inertial motion, in which the object trels with constant velocity, and non-inertial motion, in which the velocity changes with time, since all spatial measurements are relative to other objects and their motions. But Newton argued that since non-inertial motion generates forces, it must be absolute.[9] He used the example of water in a spinning bucket to demonstrate his argument. Water in a bucket is hung from a rope and set to spin, starts with a flat surface. After a while, as the bucket continues to spin, the surface of the water becomes conce. If the bucket's spinning is stopped then the surface of the water remains conce as it continues to spin. The conce surface is therefore arently not the result of relative motion between the bucket and the water[10]. Instead, Newton argued, it must be a result of non-inertial motion relative to space itself. For several centuries the bucket argument was decisive in showing that space must exist independently of matter.

       Kant

       Immanuel KantIn the eighth century the German philosopher Immanuel Kant developed a theory of knowledge in which knowledge about space can be both a priori and synthetic.[11] According to Kant, knowledge about space is synthetic, in that statements about space are not simply true by virtue of the meaning of the words in the statement. In his work, Kant rejected the view that space must be either a substance or relation. Instead he came to the conclusion that space and time are not discovered by humans to be objective features of the world, but are part of an unoidable systematic framework for organizing our experiences.[12]

       Non-Euclidean geometry

       Spherical geometry is similar to elliptical geometry. On the surface of a sphere there are no parallel lines.Euclid's Elements contained five postulates which form the basis for Euclidean geometry. One of these, the parallel postulate has been the subject of debate among mathematicians for many centuries. It states that on any plane on which there is a straight line L1 and a point P not on L1, there is only one straight line L2 on the plane which passes through the point P and is parallel to the straight line L1. Until the 19th century, few doued the truth of the postulate; instead debate centered over whether it was necessary as an axiom, or whether it was a theory which could be derived from the other axioms.[13] Around 1830 though, the Hungarian János Bolyai and the Russian Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published treatises on a type of geometry which does not include the parallel postulate, called hyperbolic geometry. In this geometry, there are an infinite number of parallel lines which pass through the point P. Consequently the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180o and the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is greater than pi. In the 1850s, Bernhard Riemann developed an equivalent theory of elliptical geometry, in which there are no parallel lines which pass through P. In this geometry, triangles he more than 180o and circles he a ratio of circumference to diameter which is less than pi.

       Type of geometry Number of parallels Sum of angles in a triangle Ratio of circumference to diameter of circle Measure of curvature

       Hyperbolic Infinite < 180o > π < 0

       Euclidean 1 180o π 0

       Elliptical 0 > 180o < π > 0

       Gauss and Poincaré

       Carl Friedrich GaussAlthough there was a prevailing Kantian consensus at the time, once non-Euclidean geometries had been formalised, some began to wonder whether or not physical space is curved. Carl Friedrich Gauss, the German mathematician, was the first to consider an empirical investigation of the geometrical structure of space. He thought of making a test of the sum of the angles of an enormous stellar triangle and there are reports he actually carried out a test, on a small scale, by triangulating mountain tops in Germany.[14]

       Henri PoincaréHenri Poincaré, a French mathematician and physicist of the late 19th century introduced an important insight which attempted to demonstrate the futility of any attempt to discover by experiment which geometry lies to space.[15] He considered the predicament which would face scientists if they were confined to the surface of an imaginary large sphere with particular properties, known as a sphere-world. In this world, the temperature is taken to vary in such a way that all objects expand and contract in similar proportions in different places on the sphere. With a suitable falloff in temperature, if the scientists try to use measuring rods to determine the sum of the angles in a triangle, they can be deceived into thinking that they inhabit a plane, rather than a spherical surface.[16] In fact, the scientists cannot in principle determine whether they inhabit a plane or sphere and, Poincaré argued, the same is true for the debate over whether real space is Euclidean or not. For him, it was a matter of convention which geometry was used to describe space.[17] Since Euclidean geometry is simpler than non-Euclidean geometry, he assumed the former would always be used to describe the 'true' geometry of the world.[18]

       Einstein

       Albert EinsteinIn 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper on a special theory of relativity, in which he proposed that space and time be combined into a single construct known as spacetime. In this theory, the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers - which has the result that two events that ear simultaneous to one particular observer will not be simultaneous to another observer if the observers are moving with respect to one another. Moreover, an observer will measure a moving clock to tick more slowly than one which is stationary with respect to them; and objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer.

       Over the following ten years Einstein worked on a general theory of relativity, which is a theory of how grity interacts with spacetime. Instead of viewing grity as a force field acting in spacetime, Einstein suggested that it modifies the geometric structure of spacetime itself.[19] According to the general theory, time goes more slowly at places with lower gritational potentials and rays of light bend in the presence of a gritational field. Scientists he studied the behiour of binary pulsars, confirming the predictions of Einstein's theories and Non-Euclidean geometry is usually used to describe spacetime.

       Mathematics

       In modern mathematics, spaces are frequently described as different types of manifolds which are spaces that locally roximate to Euclidean space and where the properties are defined largely on local connectedness of points that lie on the manifold.

       Physics

       Classical mechanics

       Classical mechanics

       Newton's Second Law

       History of ... [hide]Fundamental concepts

       Space · Time · Mass · Force

       Energy · Momentum

       [show]Formulations

       Newtonian mechanics

       Lagrangian mechanics

       Hamiltonian mechanics

       [show]Branches

       Statics

       Dynamics

       Kinematics

       Applied mechanics

       Celestial mechanics

       Continuum mechanics

       Statistical mechanics

       [show]Scientists

       Newton · Euler · d'Alembert · Clairaut

       Lagrange · Laplace · Hamilton · Poisson

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       Space is one of the few fundamental quantities in physics, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because nothing more fundamental is known at the present. On the other hand, it can be related to other fundamental quantities. Thus, similar to other fundamental quantities (like time and mass), space can be explored via measurement and experiment.

       Astronomy

       Main article: Astronomy

       Astronomy is the science involved with the observation, explanation and measuring of objects in outer space.

       Relativity

       Main article: Theory of relativity

       Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries he shown that due to relativity of motion our space and time can be mathematically combined into one object — spacetime. It turns out that distances in space or in time separately are not invariant with respect to Lorentz coordinate transformations, but distances in Minkowski space-time along space-time intervals are — which justifies the name.

       In addition, time and space dimensions should not be viewed as exactly equivalent in Minkowski space-time. One can freely move in space but not in time. Thus, time and space coordinates are treated differently both in special relativity (where time is sometimes considered an imaginary coordinate) and in general relativity (where different signs are assigned to time and space components of spacetime metric).

       Furthermore, from Einstein's general theory of relativity, it has been shown that space-time is geometrically distorted- curved -near to gritationally significant masses.[20]

       Experiments are ongoing to attempt to directly measure gritational wes. This is essentially solutions to the equations of general relativity which describe moving ripples of spacetime. Indirect evidence for this has been found in the motions of the Hulse-Taylor binary system.

       Cosmology

       Main article: Shape of the universe

       Relativity theory lead to the cosmological question of what shape the universe is, and where space came from. It ears that space was created in the Big Bang and has been expanding ever since. The overall shape of space is not known, but space is known to be expanding very rapidly which is evident due to the Hubble expansion.

       Spatial measurement

       Main article: Measurement

       The measurement of physical space has long been important. Although earlier societies had developed measuring systems, the International System of Units, (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used within science.

       Currently, the standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply meter, is defined as the distance treled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second. This definition coupled with present definition of the second is based on the special theory of relativity, that our space-time is a Minkowski space.[citation needed]

       Geography

       Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing the Earth, utilizing spatial awareness to try and understand why things exist in specific locations. Cartography is the ming of spaces to allow better nigation, for visualization purposes and to act as a locational device. Geostatistics ly statistical concepts to collected spatial data in order to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena.

       Geographical space is often considered as land, and can he a relation to ownership usage (in which space is seen as property or territory). While some cultures assert the rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal roach to land ownership, while still other cultures such as Australian Aboriginals, rather than asserting ownership rights to land, invert the relationship and consider that they are in fact owned by the land. Spatial planning is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Space can also impact on human and cultural behior, being an important factor in architecture, where it will impact on the design of buildings and structures, and on farming.

       Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of airspace and of waters is decided internationally. Other forms of ownership he been recently asserted to other spaces — for example to the radio bands of the electromagnetic spectrum or to cyberspace.

       Public space is a term used to define areas of land as collectively owned by the community, and managed in their name by delegated bodies; such spaces are open to all. While private property is the land culturally owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure.

       Abstract space is a term used in geography to refer to a hypothetical space characterized by complete homogeneity. When modeling activity or behior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit extraneous variables such as terrain.

       In psychology

       The way in which space is perceived is an area which psychologists first began to study in the middle of the 19th century, and it is now thought by those concerned with such studies to be a distinct branch within psychology. Psychologists analyzing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical earance or its interactions are perceived.

       Other, more specialized topics studied include amodal perception and object permanence. The perception of surroundings is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to hunting and self preservation as well as simply one's idea of personal space.

       Several space-related phobias he been identified, including agoraphobia (the fear of open spaces), astrophobia (the fear of celestial space) and claustrophobia (the fear of enclosed spaces).

       1 汪波，李瑞声，龙康侯 3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇溴代的新方法 中山大学学报 1996, 35 (3), 117

       2 季凤英，汪波，王希林，许遵乐 1,1'-联-2-萘酚双醚的合成 中山大学学报 1996, 35 (3), 120

       3 刘汉标，汪波，季凤英，许遵乐 光活性胺的合成和拆分 中山大学学报 1996, 35 (5), 73

       4 汪波，李瑞声，龙康侯 海洋天然产物倍半萜醇Capnellenol的研究Ⅰ 二环中间体4,7,7-三甲基二环[3,3,0]辛烷酮的合成 中山大学学报 1996, 35 (6), 10

       5 许遵乐，蔡敏，汪波，刘汉标 手性2,5-双 恶唑啉 塞吩的合成和应用研究 中山大学学报 1996, 35 (6), 131

       6 李瑞声，温文坚张维汉，汪波，邓一军 中国南海软珊瑚Nephthea Bayeri的化学成分研究----一种类脱皮激素五羟基甾醇的分离鉴定 中山大学学报 1996, 35 (6), 1

       7 蒲含林，汪波，朱可佳，郑其煌 简便连续加压柱层析 化学通报 1996, 11, 51

       8 汪波，梁志博，刘正阳，许遵乐 N-取代-1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺类荧光物的合成 中山大学学报 19, 36(2)，72

       9 许遵乐，陈叶荣汪波，刘汉标，钟增培 芳并呋喃类化合物的一锅化合成法 有机化学 19, (17)4,335

       10 汪波，李瑞声 结构新颖的三并五元环倍半萜Capnellene及Cap-nellenols 的全合成综述 合成化学 19, 5(2),147

       11 李瑞声，温文坚汪波 中国南海软珊瑚Nephthea Bayeri的化学成分研究--19-羟基-24-亚甲基多羟基甾醇的分离鉴定 中国海洋药物 1996, 15(4), 5

       12 Wang Bo, JI Fengying, Zhong Zengpei, Liu Hanbiao, Xu Zunle KF Used as Reagents in O-alkylization of 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol 第五届欧亚化学会议论文摘要，广州 1996,12

       13 P. V. Ramachandran B. Wang, H. C. Brown Asymmetric Enolboration-Aldolization of Fluorocarbonyl Compounds 15th International Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry,Vancouver, Canada, August 2-7, 19 19

       14 B. Wang, Stereoselctive Enolboration-Aldolization and Asymmetric Reduction of a-Azidoketone 3rd Herbert C. Brown Special Symposium, Purdue, USA, April 4-5, 19 19

       15 谭端明，李惠华，刘汉标，汪波，许遵乐 Cu（II）-胺络合物试剂作用下的新型氧化偶合反应 广东省化学会第六届学术年会论文集，1998年12月，汕头 1998

       16 汪波，季凤英，许遵乐 寓科研意识的培养于基础课教学中 改革与实践（六），中山大学出版社 1999年，10

       17 陆慧宁, 刘汉标, 汪波, 陈浩林, 朱可佳, 段桂嫦 完善实验考核制度, 提高实验教学质量, 改革与实践 改革与实践（六），中山大学出版社 1999年，

       18 汪波，季凤英，许遵乐 用多层次课堂讨论，加强有机化学理论教学 中国化学会第三届全国生物学科化学教学研讨会 1999年11月，上海，论文集p

       19 汪波,许遵乐 开展提前介入科研活动,培养创新人才 改革与实践（七），中山大学出版社 2000,

       20. Tan, D-M; Li, H-H;Wang, B; Liu H-B; Xu, Z-L. “A Novel Domino Reaction of 1,1’-Bi-2-naphthol Catalyzed by Copper(II)-amine Complexes”,Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2001, 19(1), 91-96

       21. 谭端明，吴建安，汪波，许遵乐，“一个得到1，1‘-联-2-萘胺的合成新方法”，有机化学，2001, 21（1）, 64-65

       22. Gao, M-Z;Wang, B; Liu, H-B; Xu, Z-L. “Synthesis of Chiral 2,5-Bis(oxazolinyl)thiophenes and Their lications as Chiral Shift Reagents for 1,1’-Bi-2-naphthols”,Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2002, 20（1）, 85-89

       23. 高明章，汪波，许遵乐，“C2型轴对称手性恶唑啉的合成及其应用研究进展”，化学进展，2002, 14（5）, 347-354（综述）

       24. 谭端明，赵佩瑜，吴建安，汪波，姚骏骅，刘汉标，许遵乐，“铜（II）化合物作用下20萘胺的氧化偶合反应”，化学学报，2002, 60（10）, 1854-1859

       25. 庞冀燕，陈之朋，汪波，许遵乐，“多官能团有机羧酸在KF 2H2O催化下的酯化反应”，中山大学学报（自然科学版），2002, 41（6）, 46-48

       26. 李伟杰，汪波，许遵乐，“N，N-二甲基氨基乙酸酯的合成及其应用研究”，中山大学学报（自然科学版），2003, 42（6）, 44-46

       27. 李伟杰，汪波，姚骏骅，许遵乐，“手性恶唑啉的合成及其在不对称还原反应中的应用”，有机化学，2004, 24（10）, 1239-1243

       28. S.-D. Tan, W.-H. Chen, A. Satake,B. Wang, Z.-L. Xu and Y. Kobuke, “Tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene as a pH Dependent Artificial Acetylcholine Receptor”,Org. Biomol. Chem., 2004, 2, 2719-2721 (Chem. Biol. Virtual J., 2004, issue 18)

       29. Gao, Ming Zhang; Reibenspies, Joseph H;Wang, Bo; Xu, Zun Le; Zingaro, Ralph A.Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2004, 41(6), 899-908

       30. Gao, Ming Zhang;Wang, Bo; Kong, Deyuan; Zingaro, Ralph A; Clearfield, Abraham; Xu Zun Le. “Sulfur-containing chiral bis(oxazolines)tested in copper-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation”,Synthetic Communications, 2005, 35(20), 2665-2673

       31. 庞冀燕，汪波，陈之朋，许遵乐，“2-取代芳基苯并[b]呋喃类化合物的合成”有机化学，2005, 25(2), 176-181

       32. Hu, Sheng; Chen, Jing-Cai; Tong, Ming-Liang;Wang, Bo; Yan, Yun-Xin; Batten, Stuart R. “Cu2+-Mediated Dehydrogenative Coupling and Hydroxylation of an N-Heterocyclic Ligand: From Generation of a New Tetratopic Ligand to the Designed Assembly of Three-Dimensional Copper(i) Coordination Polymers”,Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 5471-5475

       33. 陈之朋，庞冀燕，汪波，许遵乐。二苯并呫吨类化合物的环氧化反应研究。有机化学，2005, 10, 1274～127。

       34. Chen, Wen-Hua; Wei, Ying; Tan, Song-De;Wang, Bo; Xu, Zun-Le; “ Spectromitric Study of the size discrimination of quaternary ammonium cations by tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene”,Supramolecular Chemistry, 2005, 17(6), 469-473

       35. 王秀珍，庞冀燕，汪波，许遵乐。铜胺络合物作用下取代2-萘酚的交叉偶合反应。有机化学，2005, 7, 859-861。

       36. 郭礼荣，汪波，冯小龙，谭民裕，鲁统部，“两个7-氧杂-二苯芴-3，11-二磺酸镉化合物的合成、结构与荧光性质研究（英文）”，无机化学学报，2005, 21（7）, 987-992。

       37. Ming-Hua Zeng,Bo Wang, Xin-Yi Wang, Wei-Xiong Zhang, Xiao-Ming Chen,*, and Song Gao*, “Chiral Magnetic Metal-Organic Frameworks of Dimetal Subunits:Magnetism Tuning by Mixed-Metal Compositions of the Solid Solutions”,Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 7069-7076.

       38. Shan, Hong-bo; Cai, Yu-chen; Liu, Yan; Zeng, Wen-nan; Chen, Hui-xiong; Fan, Bo-tao; Liu, Xu-hui; Xu, Zun-le;Wang, Bo*; Xian, Li-jian*. “Cytotoxicity of cantharidin analogues targeting protein phosphatase 2A”,Anti-Cancer Drugs, 2006, 17(8), 905-9115. Yan Liu, Lan Zou, Lin Ma, Wen-Hua Chen,Bo Wang* and Zun-Le Xu, “Synthesis and pharmacological activities of xanthone derivatives as a-glucosidase inhibitors”,Bioganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 14(16), 5683-5690.

       39. Xiong-Zhong Sun, Ming-Hua Zeng,Bo Wang, Bao-Hui Ye, Xiao-Ming Chen; Supramolecular architectures of metallomacrocyclic and coordination polymers with dicarboxylate and 4, 4’-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)- biphenyl ligand,Journal of Molecular Structure2007, 828, 10-14

       40. Yan Liu, Lin Ma, Wen-Hua Chen,Bo Wang* and Zun-Le Xu; Synthesis of xanthone derivatives with extended p-systems as a-glucosidase inhibitors: Insight into the probable binding mode,Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, 15（8）, 2810-2814

       41. Ai-Yun Peng,* Xun Yang,Bo Wang, “Synthesis and reactions of phosphaisocoumarins”,Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon, and Related Elements, 2008, 183, 665-666.

       42. Yan Liu, Zhuofeng Ke, Jianfang Cui, Wen-Hua Chen, Lin Ma, Bo Wang *; Synthesis, inhibitory activities, and QSAR study of xanthone derivatives as a-glucosidase inhibitors, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2008, 16, 7185-7192

       好了，今天关于“dimensional insight”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够通过我的介绍对“dimensional insight”有更全面、深入的认识，并且能够在今后的实践中更好地运用所学知识。