airline pilot_airline pilot翻译

airline pilot_airline pilot翻译

       airline pilot的今日更新是一个不断发展的过程，它反映了人们对生活品质的不断追求。今天，我将和大家探讨关于airline pilot的今日更新，让我们一起感受它带来的高品质生活。

1.在美国学的自费飞行员怎样进民航

2.the use of body language on cross-cultural communication

3.英汉互译。 1. 电脑程序师2. computer science3. airline pilot4. 时装表演会5. 兼职的6.&nbsp...

4.pilot怎么读

在美国学的自费飞行员怎样进民航

       在美国学习飞行进入民航：

       1、要进国内的民航公司需要commercial airline的执照；要进入美国的民航需要美国国籍，没有美国国籍很难；

       2、如果不是委培培养，需要支线航班的飞行经验；没有飞行经验基本不能通过招录的程序；

       3、如果不是通过民航委培给国内学校培养的，才从国外毕业是很难在国内找到工作的；

       关于美国的飞行驾照的简介

       飞行驾照按照持有者的Privilege分为：Student Pilot, Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot,

       Private Pilot, Commercial Pilot和Airline Transport Pilot。只有Commercial

       Pilot和Airline Transport Pilot允许以飞行为赚钱手段，其他人最多也只允许叫乘客均摊飞行费用。

the use of body language on cross-cultural communication

       可以啊，去美国考性价比较高。美国拥有世界上最好的飞行环境，无数的机场和各种政府提供的免费服务，而且飞行费用也远低于其他国家。

       首先是一点点关于美国的飞行驾照的简介

       飞行驾照按照持有者的Privilege分为：Student Pilot, Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot,

       Private Pilot, Commercial Pilot和Airline Transport Pilot。只有Commercial

       Pilot和Airline Transport Pilot允许以飞行为赚钱手段，其他人最多也只允许叫乘客均摊飞行费用。

       在美国所有的飞行器可以归类到以下几个Category：Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter than air, Powered lift, Powered parachute, Weight-shift-control。

       每

       个Category下面还有进一步细分的class，比如说Airplane下面分为ASEL(Airplane Single Engine

       Land), AMEL(Airplane Multi Engine Land), ASES(Airplane Single Engine

       Sea), AMES(Airplane Multi Engine

       Sea)；Rotorcraft下面分为Helicopter和Gyroplane， 等等。在通过考试以后，在FAA颁发的飞行执照上会标明具体这个飞行员允许操作哪一个class的飞行器。

       在class下面其实还有进一步的细分，不过这个通常不显示在飞行执照上（除非是type rating，重量12500lb以上的飞机每一个型号都需要一个type rating才能操作, 但私人飞行员飞小飞机一般不涉及这个问题），而是以Instructor的endorsement的形式出现在飞行员

       的logbook上面。比如说在Airplane Single Engine Land之内，获得tail wheel

       endorsement你就可以操作后三点的飞机，获得high performance

       endorsement后你就可以操作引擎动力超过200HP的飞机，等等。

       大家平时说的飞小飞机的私人驾照，其实英文的全称就是Private Pilot - Airplane Single Engine Land（私人飞行员，允许操作在陆地上起降的飞机）。在美国大约有50%的人在获取这个执照后会进一步考取一个叫Instrument Rating的认证（Instrument是指飞机里的仪表，不是乐器），驾照上的字就会随之变为Private

       Pilot - Airplane Single Engine Land， Instrument Airplane。Intrument

       Rating允许飞行员飞进云里，完全靠机内仪表来完成飞行，对于我这种在西雅图常年乌云密布阴雨绵绵的地方开飞机的人相当有用。在那之后有些人会选择把驾照升级成Commercial Pilot甚至Airline Transport Pilot Certificate，有些人会添加更多的rating以体验更多不同的飞行器，比如说Airplane Single Engine Sea或者Glider由于比较有趣而且所需训练时间较短，就是比较流行的几个选择。

        出于实用性考虑，我将把重点放在介绍Private Pilot - Airplane Single Engine Land，如果上面刚才列举的驾照简介把你看晕了，请忽略它们直接看下面关于私照的介绍。

       获取Private Pilot - Airplane Single Engine Land的基本要求：

       * 至少17岁（没有年龄上限）

       * 懂英语，能和ATC (Air Traffic Controller)以及其他Pilot进行沟通对话

       * 至少持有3rd Class Medical Certificate

       * 至少35小时(Part 141 Flight School)或者40小时（Part 61 Flight School)的飞行经验。请不要因为那纠结在选择141还是61的学校，如果不是一个星期飞个三五趟，40小时内都是学不完的，美国的平均值在70小时左右。

       * 地面知识考试，电脑上做60道选择题，题库是官方对外公布的，谁要是把那800还是1000道左右的题目背了，不考个90多分都对不起在中国从小学开始的应试训练。

       * 口试+驾驶。笔试成绩很大程度上决定了口试时间的长短，我个人的经验是笔试高分的话基本上口试都能在1小时左右结束，但笔试成绩比较低分的朋友口试就有可能被折腾个3～4个小时。通过口试后驾驶考试一般会持续1.5～2小时，加上口试前审查材料签字的时间，检查飞机的时间以及一些乱七八糟的小事情，一次考试最短也得4～5个小时。考试不及格的话会被送回给教官重新训练不及格的科目以后再重新考。一个教官一般需要维持至少80～90%的一次通过率才能保住饭碗，所以教官敢推荐你去考试的话一次成功率还是很高的。

       3rd Class Medical Certificate要求有多严格？

       这个和中国人传统观念上变态的飞行体

       检不一样，三级体检认证大致类似于中国小学里面的年度体检的程度，连血液样本都不需要，但有尿检注意当天别吃太多糖（糖尿病人其实跑完额外的手续也是能通

       过体检的，带着药和注射器上天就是了）。近视戴眼镜没问题，如果色盲的话会限制你晚上不能开飞机，一只眼睛是瞎的话就得跑多几个部门办点手续，但都是能飞

       的。世界各国缺胳膊少腿甚至半瘫的飞行员都有，都能通过体检。

       如果实在是身体毛病太多，可以考虑学Sport Pilot。那个不需要体检，对身体的要求是拥有美国汽车驾照就行。

       英语口语听力的要求有多高？

       飞行英语和普通英语不一样，跟我一起飞过的土生土长的不是飞行员的美国人有好几十个了，基本上每个人都跟我表示他们完全听不懂我们飞行员和控制员在说什么。所以如果你一开始觉得一无所措的话，说明你的英语水平和正常美国人是一样的:)。

       航

       空英语其实来去就那么几十个句式，如果你能把那些句式全部背下来的话，在天上自然就应答如流了。另外一个“吓”着普通人的就是在天上我们使用NATO

       phonetic alphabet, 我们不说A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z，而是说Alpha, Bravo, Charlie,

       ... , Xray, Yankee, Zulu。刚起步的时候把26个字母的背熟就需要下不少功夫。

        如果你在美国读书或者工作的话，你的英语基础绝对能够胜任天上的对话，只要你肯花时间背句型和在家里练听力。

       想通过机考和口试需要了解哪些知识？

       Physics, Aerodynamics

       不需要做复杂的物理计算，但是需要知道基本的牛顿经典力学和伯努力流体力学，了解飞机为什么能飞起来，哪些因素影响飞行效率，失速是如何发生的，螺旋桨转动对飞机产生的种种影响。

       Aircraft Structure, Systems & Instrument

       飞机的基本结构，如何控制飞机，引擎，螺旋桨，供油系统，液压系统，电力系统等等。还有机上每一个仪表分别是基于哪种原理和系统运行的，自身有何缺陷，系统异常的时候有何种表现，应采取什么应对措施。基本上飞机上用得到的系统和部件你都得明白是怎么工作的。

       Aircraft Performance

       明白不同气压温度等对飞机表现的影响，懂得计算不同条件下的起降距离，爬升速度，飞行速度，最远航程等等。很多计算都是看图纸或者用E6B计算尺来完成的。

       Weather

       类似于高中地理知识，风的形成，云雨雾的形成，大气的稳定性，冷锋暖锋，雷雨等影响飞行安全的极端恶劣天气。不同云和不同雾的种类都得背熟了。

       Weather Service

       学会解读各种文字气象资料，像METAR，TAF， Area Forecast都是以早年电报的格式来发布的，所以全部单词都是严重缩写过的，需要花功夫练习翻译。另外还要学会看懂其他好几种气象图和雷达图。

       Airspace

       熟练背出A, B, C, D, E, G级空域以及各种其他特殊空域的定义，进出要求（需要什么设备，是否需要控制员同意，需要持有什么执照），飞行能见度的要求。

       Airport了解如何进出有控制塔的机场和没有控制塔的机场，飞机场在地图上如何标示，飞机场的灯光系统，飞机场在地面上的各种标示。

       Enroute Flight and Navigation

       读懂航图，如何通过航图来导航，使用VOR，ADF，DME甚至GPS等电子设备来辅助导航（凡是你飞机上装有的设备你都得会使用）。如何在地面上精确计算飞行路线，同时考虑到风速风向对巡航时的影响（使用E6B计算尺），如何在迷路时推算自己的位置，如何填报飞行计划。

       Regulation

       各种规章制度，飞行员有什么可以干的什么是不能干的，飞机设备检修有哪些要求，违规以后的处罚等。

       Aeromedical Factors

        飞行与身体和心理的关系。像各种光学幻觉，各种运动错觉，缺氧/脱水/疲惫/烟酒/压力/药物等因素对身体的影响。

       Aeronautical Decision Making

        空中如何做出正确的决定，如何考虑飞行的风险和避免危险的倾向，驾驶舱内的合作，飞行电子自动化的影响等。

       私人驾照在天上都练习些什么，驾驶考试考什么？

       Normal cruising, straight & level flight, climbing, descending

       就是平常最普通的飞行。

       初学者最大的挑战就是如何用rudder来克服各种飞机左右转的倾向(螺旋桨转动造成的torque, gyroscopic precession,

       slipstream, P-factor以及机翼的adverse yaw)和如何把飞机稳定下来（using trim to relieve

       control pressure)

       Power on stall, power off stall

       失速的意识及恢复，在损失最少高度的情况下恢复出来。Power on stall是模拟起飞时的场景，power off stall是模拟降落时的场景。

       Steep turns

       Making

        a pair of 360 turns, 45 degree bank to the

       left/right。当飞机往一边bank过去的时候，上升力的垂直分量需要跟重力相当才能保持高度不变，所以飞机侧倾45度的时候，如果上升力的分量

       和重力相当，飞机和飞行员其实感受到的是1.4倍的重力，因此控制上需要进行不少调整。

       Slow fight

       低速飞行的时候飞机相对不稳定，控制灵敏度下降，而且非常接近失速的边缘。如何在允许的最低速度下安全操作飞机是证明飞行员水平的好方法，也是提高意识防止进入失速的训练手段之一。

       Simulated instrument flying

       戴上一个眼罩（foggle或者hood)以挡住视线看不到机舱外的东西，需要克服身体的幻觉，相信仪表，只看着飞机内的仪表来进行飞行。这是为了确保飞行员万一飞进恶劣的天气，紧急情况下还能活着飞出来。要注意的是，这3～5个小时的训练只能让飞行员达到紧急情况能保命的水平，如果想合法地飞进云里，需要在考到私照以后进行40小时的仪表训练考取仪表执照。

       S turns; Turning around a point;Rectangle course

        三个都属于Ground reference maneuvers，训练的是学生如何根据风速风向来调整控制，以维持飞机的ground

       track。比如说turning around a point,

       没有风的情况下，学生只要保持同样的倾斜角和转速，就能飞出一个完美的圆，但是有风的时如果不加调整就会被吹成椭圆了。

       这些练习不光对于在机场上空飞长方形的traffic pattern有帮助，也对以后载乘客出去航拍的时候有用:)

       Simulated engine failure

       飞机在引擎停了以后就变成了一个效率不那么高的滑翔机，这个练习主要是训练学生如何控制速度（best glide speed)飞到最合适的迫降地点，还有完成引擎失效的检查清单。私照训练和考试并不会真正降落下去（除非引擎真的坏了），如果商业驾照的话会额外增加在机场上空的引擎失效练习，并且要求滑翔降落到跑道上的指定点，前后误差不得超过200ft。

       Normal takeoff/landing

       安全完成正常起降

       Short field takeoff/landing

       证明短距离起降的技巧

       Soft field takeoff/landing

       演示在soft field上起降的技巧，有可能是在水泥跑道上模拟，也有可能是真的在草地上起降，看天气和机场情况而定。

       Night flying

       晚上开飞机和白天开飞机是完全不同的感觉，能见度不如白天，路灯比机场更亮，而且还有更多的错觉需要注意。训练时间只要求3个小时和10次起降，考试不需要考察夜间飞行。但是请注意3小时的夜间练习是远远不足以安全地在夜间进行飞行的，所以拿到驾照以后一定要额外花多几个小时和教练练习以后再自己一个人去飞。

       在私人驾照的考试中，以上所有动作允许的操作误差是左右偏差10度，上下偏差100feet。但是强烈建议大家争取把误差缩小得越接近0越好，这样子不光能提高自身水平，也为考试那天万一状态不好也留有更大的余地。

英汉互译。 1. 电脑程序师2. computer science3. airline pilot4. 时装表演会5. 兼职的6.&nbsp...

       Body Language in Cross-Cultural Communication

       People can communicate with one another not only through verbal communication but also through nonverbal communication; moreover, the latter plays an essential role. Body language is an important part of nonverbal communication, and thus this article intends to present its meaning and talk it briefly so that we can improve our communication skills and abilities by understanding it well.

       Usually body language occurs unconsciously. Yet the body language we use decides to a large extent the quality of our communication. It follows that therefore it would be good to become conscious of our own and others' body language. We can learn to use our body language for a purpose. It is important to note that body language has different meanings in different cultures. How we can interpret body language depends on the situation, the culture, the relationship we have with the person as well as the gender of the other. This means that there is not one signal that has the same meaning all over the world. Body language is also interlinked with spoken language and a whole pattern of behaviour from a person. As well as that, various body language signs can complement each other to make a particular meaning crystal clear or strengthen the meaning of what we communicate.

       Nonverbal communication, composed of pictures, dresses, eye contact, spatial signals, gestures and so on, is as important as verbal communication.

       There are five parts of this paper. The first part is introduction, mainly introduce the importance of body language. The second part talk about the term—body language briefly, including its concept and classification, general characteristics and the importance of knowing how we communicate. The third part is the most vital one, in this chapter, this paper talk about several sorts of body language with lots of cases which embody the conflict in cross cultural communication in detail including gestures, eye behavior, facial expressions and posture. The fourth part talk about different meanings of body language in various countries and personal space, if we know the knowledge of this two aspects, we can avoid the embracement in cross cultural communication. The fifth part is the conclusion of the whole paper.

        Body language is known as non-verbal behavior which transmits information through gestures, actions and facial expressions. People communicate with each other by their body language in the ways of nodding, waving, eye contacting, shrugging and so on. According to the research results of psychologists, these ways can express what the verbal language cannot directly. Body language can be divided into sight language, body touches language, posture and gesture, manner, facial expression, flavor language, proxemics and clothes language.

        Some body languages are not only innate but also unconscious and subconscious. Take excited people for example, their pupil will dilate automatically; eyebrows move when greeting; frown when discontented; yawn when fatigued; bite teeth when anger and usually people smile when happy, cry when sad and blush when shame.

        However, other body languages are postnatal. Various peoples form unique body languages due to the language backgrounds of their living. The gesture of Britain and American man is totally different when they sit with their legs crossed. American likes shrugging, and they often do a forward body gesture when they speak in future tense. Cupped-hand salute is peculiar only in China, we use it in such cases: congratulate when happy get-together; extend one’s heartfelt respects when spend festivals; express heartfelt thanks and entrust in some special situations.

        How we come across to someone is decided only for a small part by the words we speak. To leave a good impression behind, say at a job interview, it is important that we know, and to a certain extent can control, our body language. The person on the receiving end of our body language will have a feeling or impression that is often difficult to describe, difficult to put into words or difficult to prove what actually was communicated. Haven’t we all said at times: ‘I have a feeling he\she likes me’, or something like: ‘I doubt if what he\she is saying is really the truth’. This type of feeling is called intuition. Body language plays a big role in intuition as it gives us messages about the other person that we can interpret at an intuitive level. It is therefore necessary to get to know our own body language first. We should learn about it so that we can recognize it in others as well as in ourselves. For this purpose, we will describe all the different aspects of body language in the following parts. We can learn something from the different aspects of body language.

        Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless. The movements of our arms, hands, eyes, and feet constitute another important way in which we broadcast, interpersonal data. So we will talk about this subject more.

        In a very general sense, we all use gestures to reinforce an idea or to help describe something. When we say, “That’s an English book”, at the same time we are pointing to the book. If someone asks us the way to the library, we point to the right, adding a little information about it, which will be more clear and concrete. We may literally roll up our sleeves when talking about cleaning up the room, run to meet the person we are eager to see, stand up when saying “We will go now.” We like to use our hands to indicate the dimensions when someone asks us to describe the size or shape of something.

        It seems natural to clench our first or perhaps even proud the lectern to let everyone realize the importance of our message when trying to communicate a strong feeling, which emphasizes our words. In classroom, it is unnecessarily stand in front of the blackboard for the teacher at the whole time. The teacher may move from behind the lectern when they wait to be informed; move to the right or left when making a major point so that they can communicate with students very well and enhance his or her teaching quality.

        However, exaggerated body movement, we should say, can cause harm, too, just as a saying goes, “Going too far is as bad as not going far enough.” This teacher must avoid overdone movement because it can be so distracting, to the students that it loses track of what the teacher is saying. Some of us have such feeling, that is, in a class or speech, we become more interested in the speaker’s motion than we do in the speaker’s message when we see the speaker pace and forth in front of us. At last we just remember the movement of the speaker, but get nothing about the information. The same is true in any context. “If a body movement distracts from the idea, it is damaging.”

        Of course, there are also many other gestures, for instance, head movement; shaking the head or nodding. Perhaps we learn those gestures and movements at an early age, and probably use and interpret them almost without thinking.

       Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words- maybe even more effectively. We use gestures daily, almost instinctively, from beckoning to a waiter, or punctuating a business presentation with visual signals to airport ground attendants guiding an airline pilot into the jet way or a parent using a whole dictionary of gestures to teach (or preach to) a child.

       Gestures are woven inextricably into our social lives, but also that the "vocabulary" of gestures, can be at once informative and entertaining... but also dangerous. Gestures can be menacing (two drivers on a freeway), warm (an open-armed welcome), instructive (a police man giving road directions), or even sensuous (the liquid movement of a Hawaiian hula dancer).

       Bear in mind that the following gestures are in general use, but there may always be exceptions. In recent years, Western and contemporary values and ideas have become more popular and has either influenced, altered, and even replaced, some of the more traditional gestures, understanding human behavior is tricky stuff. No two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture all perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly. For almost any gestures there will probably be a minority within a given nationality who might say, "Well, some might attach that meaning t．．．

pilot怎么读

       

1. computer programmer?2. 计算机科学?3. 飞行员? 4. fashion show 5. part-time         6. at the same time? 7. 交换生 8. 迎新会? 9. 听起来像

将单词拆分，读作“pi”，“lot”。

       pilot英语单词可以拆分为两个单音节，读作“pi”，“lot”，尾音读作“o”，将前后单音节完整连接读出即可。

       pilot英语单词作为名词的意思是飞行员、领航员。用作动词的意思是驾驶、领航、试用。过去式是piloted，过去分词形式为piloted，现在分词是piloting。

       好了，今天关于“airline pilot”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够通过我的讲解对“airline pilot”有更全面、深入的了解，并且能够在今后的学习中更好地运用所学知识。